{"title":"Etruscan \u0026 Roman Art","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eDiscover our exclusive collection of genuine Etruscan and Roman art, featuring truly unique antiquities. From authentic Roman pottery and intricate rings to striking fibulas, terracotta oil lamps, and rare Etruscan bronze statuettes, each piece is a treasure. Explore our remarkable Roman glass collection as well. Every artifact is meticulously authenticated and guaranteed to meet the highest standards. Acquired from distinguished European collections before the 1960s, these pieces offer unparalleled historical value and are perfect for collectors and enthusiasts alike.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"roman-bronze-pin","title":"Roman Bronze Pin","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eElegant ancient Roman bronze pin featuring a straight, tapering shaft ending in a finely pointed tip. Such pins were versatile personal items in antiquity, used either to fasten garments in place—serving as a practical alternative to brooches—or as decorative hair accessories. The simplicity of its design reflects the refined functional aesthetic characteristic of Roman metalwork during the Imperial period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Intact. \u003c\/span\u003eSurface wear and abrasions commensurate with age and use, otherwise intact. \u003cspan style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'San Francisco', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eA fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. Size approx. 8,5cm x 0,5cm x 0,3cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 25.78.135 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/251915)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHair-pin, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,8045.48 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_2007-8045-48)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44195094626569,"sku":"1096762","price":45.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/a1_4f3fdcf5-6b77-4a22-9982-a479c5e9a574.jpg?v=1676995490"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-pin-2","title":"Roman Bronze Pin","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eElegant ancient Roman bronze pin featuring a poppy-seed–shaped head and a straight, tapering shaft ending in a finely pointed tip. Such pins were versatile personal items in antiquity, used to fasten garments—serving as a practical alternative to brooches—or as decorative hair accessories. The understated form and balanced proportions reflect the refined functional aesthetic characteristic of Roman metalwork during the Imperial period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eGood condition. Intact. Surface wear and abrasions commensurate with age and use, otherwise intact. \u003cspan style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'San Francisco', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eA fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. \u003c\/span\u003eSize approx. 11,2cm x 1,0cm x 0,3cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 25.78.135 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/251915)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHair-pin, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,8045.48 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_2007-8045-48)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44198212567305,"sku":"1043142","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/a1_7aeeddc7-0a08-4682-9ff5-03013d7db8ab.jpg?v=1677055198"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-hair-pin","title":"Roman Bronze Hair Pin","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA delicate ancient Roman hair pin cast in bronze, featuring a large bulbous spherical head and a straight, tapering shaft terminating in a finely pointed tip. Pins of this elegant type were used in antiquity both as practical fasteners for garments and as personal ornaments for securing elaborate hairstyles. The smooth, balanced form and lustrous bronze surface reflect the refined craftsmanship and understated aesthetic of Roman personal adornment during the Imperial period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eExcellent condition. Intact. Age-related wear. \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eA fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. Size approx. 6,7cm x 0,8cm x 0,2cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBronze pin, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: A645877  (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co87819\/bronze-pin-pin-fastener.)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,8045.53 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_2007-8045-53)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44198327746825,"sku":"1076610","price":75.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/a1_47529df5-200d-4a29-b0a3-a86399e0ee06.jpg?v=1677057514"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-unquentaria","title":"Roman Glass Unquentaria","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis exceptional Roman glass bottle, known as an unguentaria (or unguentarium, balsamarium, and lacrimarium), was likely used to store oils, perfumes, or other liquid and powdered substances. The small bottle features a piriform (pear-shaped) body, a tubular neck with slight constriction at the junction of a rounded flat base, and an everted rim with a delicate inward fold. This elegant form was widely favored across the Roman Empire from the first century to the early fourth century.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnguentaria were commonly included in Roman burials, though their exact purpose remains open to interpretation. It is believed that these bottles may have been used in funerary rituals, possibly containing oils, incense, or wine as offerings to honor the deceased or to appease the gods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman glassmakers were trailblazers in the development of glass technology over two millennia ago, creating soda-lime glass, which consisted of silicon, sodium, and calcium oxides. For added vibrancy, Roman artisans used various metallic oxides to color the glass. Copper was employed to produce hues from turquoise to light blue, green, and red, while cobalt created a rich, deep blue. Manganese and antimony were used for yellow, white, and purple tones, and iron was used for a variety of colors, including light blue, green, brown, and black, often to mimic the colors of gemstones like lapis lazuli and amethyst.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis beautiful unguentarium reflects the advanced glassmaking techniques and artistic vision of the Romans, offering a window into the craftsmanship and innovation of the ancient world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Chip in the rim, otherwise intact. Lovely patina and age-induced wear occur. The surface of the exterior and interior is calcified and encrusted with minerals over the years. Bottle has a stunning colour that varying from pale bluish green to light seafoam green. Size approx. 11,4cm x 2,6cm x 2,6cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProvenance: From the collection of painter and tv producer Ole Braunstein (1917–1999). Donee of the Høyen Prize in 1984.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44198855147785,"sku":"1070240","price":175.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/a1_afe09576-baf0-4e1a-a4f8-d28cc7501813.jpg?v=1677064807"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-bottle-unguentaria","title":"Roman Glass Unguentaria","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis stunning Roman glass bottle, known as an unguentaria (also referred to as unguentarium, balsamarium, or lacrimarium), was likely used for storing oils, perfumes, or other liquids and powdered substances. Its elegant piriform body and tubular neck, which features a slight constriction, culminate in an everted rim with an in-folded lip. This distinctive form was widely embraced across the Roman Empire from the first to early fourth centuries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnguentaria were commonly found among Roman grave goods, though their precise purpose in funerary contexts remains uncertain. These vessels may have been used in rituals, potentially holding oils, wine, or incense, as offerings to honor the deceased or the gods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman glassmakers were true pioneers, advancing glass-making techniques over two millennia ago with the development of soda-lime glass. Made from a mixture of silicon, sodium, and calcium oxides, Roman glass was often colorfully enhanced with various metallic oxides. Copper was used to achieve hues ranging from turquoise to light blue, green, and red, while cobalt created a rich, deep blue. Manganese and antimony were employed to produce vibrant yellows, whites, and purples, and iron was used to create a broad spectrum of colors, including light blue, green, brown, and black, often mimicking the precious gemstones of the time like lapis lazuli and amethyst.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis beautiful unguentarium serves as a remarkable example of Roman glassmaking craftsmanship, reflecting the sophisticated artistry and innovation of the ancient world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate condition. Age-related heavy wear occur. Repaired. Fragments missing. The surface of the exterior and interior is calcified and encrusted with minerals over the years. Bottle has a stunning colour that varying from pale green to light seafoam green. Size approx. 10,8cm x 1,3cm x 1,3cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: From the collection of painter and tv producer Ole Braunstein (1917–1999). Donee of the Høyen Prize in 1984.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44199013482761,"sku":"1075775","price":95.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/c1_2c15d056-e022-4ded-bf25-d9220898b4bf.jpg?v=1677065408"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-hair-pins-1","title":"Roman Bronze Hair Pins","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA superb matched pair of ancient Roman hair pins, beautifully cast in bronze. One features a smooth bulbous spherical head, while the other displays a thick decahedral head—both with elegantly tapering shafts ending in fine points.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003ePins of this refined type were versatile personal accessories in antiquity, serving both as functional fasteners for garments and as decorative implements for securing elaborate hairstyles. The simplicity of form, combined with the subtle sheen of aged bronze, reflects the Roman appreciation for balance, proportion, and understated elegance in everyday adornment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eExcellent condition. Intact. Age-related wear. \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eA fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. Size approx. 4,2cm x 0,7cm x 0,2cm and 3,1cm x 0,7cm x 0,2cm. Sell as a pair\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBronze pin, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: A645877  (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co87819\/bronze-pin-pin-fastener.)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,8045.53 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_2007-8045-53)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44204916211977,"sku":"1098664","price":125.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/d1_ce800c3b-471e-4cf6-b336-f9663fc1f99e.jpg?v=1677163555"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-hair-pins-2","title":"Roman Bronze Hair Pins","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA superb pair of ancient Roman hair pins, beautifully cast in bronze and featuring a bulbous spherical heads and a straight, tapering shafts terminating in a finely pointed tips.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003ePins of this refined type were versatile personal accessories in antiquity, serving both as functional fasteners for garments and as decorative implements for securing elaborate hairstyles. The simplicity of form, combined with the subtle sheen of aged bronze, reflects the Roman appreciation for balance, proportion, and understated elegance in everyday adornment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eExcellent condition. Intact. Age-related wear. \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eA fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. Size approx. 4,3cm x 0,5cm x 0,2cm and 4,1cm x 1,2cm x 0,2cm. Sell as a pair.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBronze pin, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: A645877  (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co87819\/bronze-pin-pin-fastener.)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,8045.53 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_2007-8045-53)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44204933939465,"sku":"1082623","price":95.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/c1_98494c2d-7805-4187-92c7-72dda50bf68c.jpg?v=1677163825"},{"product_id":"roman-terracotta-olpe","title":"Roman North African Terracotta Olpe","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p2\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eA beautifully crafted Roman terracotta mug, this elegant low-bellied vessel exemplifies the refined simplicity of ancient Roman pottery. Made from a light cream fine-grained fabric, it features a gracefully curved body that transitions seamlessly into a short neck with a flaring rim.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eThe exterior is coated in a stunning dark orange-red slip, which elegantly terminates just below the rim on the inside and near the lower body. A single applied handle, extending from the shoulder to the neck, adds both function and balance to the design. The vessel rests on a low foot with a subtly recessed underside, providing stability and refinement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eUsed for serving wine, water, or oil, terracotta olpes like this were essential in both domestic and communal Roman settings. A fine example of 1st–3rd century AD craftsmanship, this piece offers collectors a tangible link to the daily rituals and artistry of the ancient world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Age-related wear and hairline cracks. Small chip in the rim. Repaired fracture at body. Lime deposits and multiple root marks. Surface encrusted in places. Size approx. 10,4cm x 8,2cm x 9,5cm. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44209473978633,"sku":"1060722","price":295.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/a1_8b2a0598-1638-41d8-aac7-5b7e96a293d0.jpg?v=1677252084"},{"product_id":"song-dynasty-miniature-jarlet","title":"Roman Terracotta Miniature Vessel","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA highly unusual Roman terracotta miniature vessel, beautifully formed in the shape of a small basket. Expertly wheel-thrown, the vessel features a rounded, compressed body, concave shoulders, and a wide mouth with a finely tapered lip. A sturdy loop handle extends elegantly from rim to rim, and the piece rests on a shallow ring foot.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eMiniature vessels such as this were far more than simple containers—they once held perfumed oils, precious unguents, and medicinal remedies cherished in both domestic and military life. They also played a role in ritual practice, often placed as votive offerings in temples or used in ceremonies devoted to the gods. Their widespread presence across the Empire reflects the deep interweaving of daily life, commerce, and spirituality within Roman culture.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eWith its warm earthen patina acquired over centuries, this finely preserved example offers a tangible link to the intimate and sacred aspects of Roman life. A superb piece for collectors of Roman artifacts, ancient ceramics, or classical antiquities—embodying the timeless elegance of Roman craftsmanship.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Surface wear and abrasions commensurate with age and use, otherwise intact. Hairline cracks, lime deposits and multiple root marks. Beautiful russet encrustation. Size approx. 6,8cm x 6,9cm x 6,5cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44209597645065,"sku":"1097100","price":185.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/b1_52607846-29c0-4ceb-833a-8c2645f05645.jpg?v=1677253995"},{"product_id":"roman-terracotta-olpe-1","title":"Roman Terracotta Olpe","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA fascinating example of Roman utilitarian pottery, this crudely potted terracotta olpe showcases the functional beauty of ancient craftsmanship. The globular, striated body elegantly tapers into a short neck and flared mouth, while a single applied handle gracefully extends from the shoulder to the rim, ensuring ease of use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eResting on a small ring base, the vessel is coated in a stunning dark orange-red slip, which terminates just below the rim on the interior and near the lower body. Its matte finish, punctuated by traces of white inclusions, adds to its rustic charm and historical authenticity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eSimple yet highly practical, terracotta olpes like this were widely used in Roman daily life, serving as pouring vessels for wine, water, or oil. An evocative relic of the 1st–3rd century AD, this piece offers collectors a tangible connection to the traditions and material culture of the ancient world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. \u003c\/span\u003eWear commensurate with age and use. \u003cspan style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'San Francisco', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eProfessionally repaired. Size approx. 18,5cm x 12,5cm x 12,5cm. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44212618068233,"sku":"1047593","price":285.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/a1_9b643157-67ae-4155-aed0-3c6260b22927.jpg?v=1677492186"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-unguentaria","title":"Roman Glass Unguentaria","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis impressive Roman glass bottle, known as an unguentaria (also referred to as unguentarium, balsamarium, or lacrimarium), was likely used to store oils, lotions, and other liquid or powdered substances. Characterized by a narrow, long neck, this unguentarium features a bell-shaped body, a tubular neck with a slight constriction at the junction of its flat base, and an everted rim with an in-folded lip. The bottle is in excellent, intact condition, showcasing the form widely popular across the Roman Empire from the end of the first century through the early fourth century. Unguentaria were common in Roman burials, although their precise purpose in grave goods remains uncertain. While often buried with the deceased, these bottles may have held oil, wine, or incense for funerary rituals or as offerings to the gods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman glassmakers were pioneers in advancing glass technology over 2,000 years ago, transforming glass production into both an art and a science. Made from soda-lime glass, which included silicon, sodium, and calcium oxides, Roman glass often incorporated various colorants to create beautiful hues. Copper was used to produce colors ranging from turquoise to light blue, green, and red. Cobalt achieved a rich, deep blue, while manganese and antimony were used to make vibrant yellows, whites, and purples. Iron created colors such as light blue, green, brown, and black, often chosen to imitate the shades of precious gemstones like lapis lazuli, amethyst, and turquoise.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis beautifully preserved unguentarium bottle exemplifies the skill and sophistication of Roman glassmaking, a true testament to their innovation and artistry.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcellent condition. Complete and intact. Gorgeous patina and age-induced wear occur. The surface of the exterior and interior is calcified and encrusted with minerals over the years. Size approx. 13,8cm x 2,5cm x 2,5cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e Provenance: From the collection of painter and tv producer Ole Braunstein (1917–1999). Donee of the Høyen Prize in 1984.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44220964143369,"sku":"1074370","price":420.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/b1_9353c659-0d37-42fe-9611-9dac7dbfd758.jpg?v=1677492988"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-bowl","title":"Roman Glass Bowl","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA breathtakingly beautiful Roman glass bowl, showcasing the remarkable skill of ancient glassmakers over 2,000 years ago. Crafted from soda-lime glass, a hallmark of Roman innovation, this delicate yet durable vessel embodies the elegance and artistry of the period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eSitting on a wide ring base, the bowl’s gracefully flared body leads up to a rolled lip, creating a deep interior cavity ideal for holding liquids or small items. Roman artisans mastered the use of colorants to imitate precious gemstones, with minerals like copper, cobalt, and manganese lending rich hues to their glassware.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eWith its historical significance and undeniable beauty, this piece is a superb addition to any collection of ancient glass, Roman artifacts, or classical antiquities. Professionally repaired, it remains a testament to the enduring artistry of the ancient world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Gorgeous patina and age-related wear occur. The surface of the exterior and interior is calcified and encrusted with minerals over the years. Bowl has a stunning colour that varying from pale green to light seafoam green. Beautiful rainbow iridescence throughout. Size approx. 4,3cm x 11,2cm x 10,9cm. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: From the collection of painter and tv producer Ole Braunstein (1917–1999). Donee of the Høyen Prize in 1984.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44220972466441,"sku":"1035142","price":390.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/a1_9d94694f-0beb-4297-9bf4-76f1e19bc39a.jpg?v=1677493330"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-unguentaria-2","title":"Roman Glass Unguentaria","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis exquisite Roman glass bottle, known as an unguentaria (also called unguentarium, balsamarium, or lacrimarium), was likely used for storing oils, lotions, or other liquids and powders. The bottle features a narrow, long neck, a bell-shaped body, a constricted neck at the junction of its flat base, and an everted rim with an in-folded lip. Its excellent, intact condition highlights a form that was widely used across the Roman Empire from the late first century through the early fourth century.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnguentaria were often found in Roman burials, though the exact purpose of their inclusion in grave goods remains uncertain. These bottles could have been used to hold substances such as oils, wine, or incense, possibly for use in funerary rituals or as offerings to the gods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman glassmakers were pioneers in the craft, advancing glass technology over 2,000 years ago. They developed soda-lime glass, made from a mixture of silicon, sodium, and calcium oxides, and often added colorants to achieve vibrant hues. Copper was used to produce colors ranging from turquoise to light blue, green, and red. Cobalt created a rich blue, while manganese and antimony were used for yellow, white, and purple shades. Iron was used to create light blue, green, brown, and black colors, often chosen to mimic the appearance of precious gemstones like lapis lazuli, amethyst, and turquoise. This unguentarium is a remarkable example of Roman glassmaking, showcasing the ingenuity and artistry of ancient craftsmen.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExcellent condition. Gorgeous patina and age-induced wear occur. The surface of the exterior and interior is calcified and encrusted with minerals over the years. Bottle has a stunning colour that varying from pale green to light seafoam green. Size approx. 10,6cm x 3,5cm x 3,5cm. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e Provenance: From the collection of painter and tv producer Ole Braunstein (1917–1999). Donee of the Høyen Prize in 1984.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44221024534793,"sku":"1014771","price":420.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/a1_c4c0ad65-a5bd-447c-a46f-1f58eb83f86f.jpg?v=1677494237"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-unguentaria-3","title":"Roman Glass Unguentaria","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis stunning Roman glass bottle, known as an unguentaria (or unguentarium, balsamarium, and lacrimarium), was likely used to hold oils, perfumes, or other liquid and powdered substances. The small-sized, free-blown glass bottle features a heavily compressed spherical body, an elongated cylindrical neck, and a flared, in-folded rim with a flat bottom. This classic design was widely used across the Roman Empire from the first to the early fourth centuries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnguentaria often appear among Roman grave goods, though the exact purpose in funerary contexts is still uncertain. These bottles may have been used in rituals or as offerings, possibly containing oils, wine, or incense, intended to honor the deceased or gods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman glassmakers were pioneers of advanced techniques, developing soda-lime glass more than two millennia ago. This glass was made from silicon, sodium, and calcium oxides, often with metallic oxides added for color. Copper was used to create shades from turquoise to light blue, green, and red, while cobalt provided a striking deep blue. Manganese and antimony were used for vibrant yellows, whites, and purples, and iron created colors ranging from light blue to brown, green, and black. These colors often mimicked precious gemstones like lapis lazuli and amethyst.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis unguentarium is a beautiful example of Roman glassmaking, showcasing the skill and innovation of the ancient craftsmen.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eModerate condition. Repaired. Chip and fractures. The exterior of the yellowish, pale olive-green vessel has developed lustrous layers of silvery and rainbow-hued iridescence that elegantly complement its delicate form. The surface of the interior is calcified and encrusted with minerals over the years. Size approx. 8,0cm x 3,7cm x 3,7cm. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e Provenance: From the collection of painter and tv producer Ole Braunstein (1917–1999). Donee of the Høyen Prize in 1984.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44221038100745,"sku":"1077844","price":195.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/b1_cec511cb-7a65-481e-9faf-4250610c297c.jpg?v=1677494573"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-unguentaria-4","title":"Roman Glass Unguentaria","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis striking Roman glass bottle, known as an unguentaria (alternatively called unguentarium, balsamarium, or lacrimarium), was most likely used for storing oils, lotions, and other liquids or powders. Its design features a gracefully tapering neck, a bell-shaped body, and a slightly constricted neck at the junction of a flat base, finished with an everted rim and an in-folded lip. The bottle is remarkably well-preserved, offering a glimpse into the popular form that spread throughout the Roman Empire from the late first century to the early fourth century.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnguentaria were commonly included in Roman tombs, though their precise function in burial practices is not fully understood. It is believed that they were used to contain oils, perfumes, or incense, and may have played a role in funeral rituals or served as offerings for the afterlife.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman glassmaking advanced significantly over 2,000 years ago, with artisans perfecting the technique of soda-lime glass. This glass was created by blending silicon, sodium, and calcium oxides, and colorants were often added to produce a range of vibrant hues. Copper created turquoise, light blue, green, and red shades, while cobalt was used for a rich, deep blue. Manganese and antimony were responsible for the creation of yellow, white, and purple tones, and iron added colors ranging from light blue to brown, green, and black. Many of these colors were inspired by precious gemstones, such as lapis lazuli, amethyst, and turquoise.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis beautifully crafted unguentarium serves as an exquisite example of Roman craftsmanship, illustrating the advanced glass-making techniques and aesthetic values of the time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVery good condition. Gorgeous patina and age-induced wear occur. The surface of the exterior and interior is calcified and encrusted with minerals over the years. Bottle has a stunning  colour that varying from greenish yellow to light seafoam green. Size approx. 7,1cm x 3,7cm. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e Provenance: From the collection of painter and tv producer Ole Braunstein (1917–1999). Donee of the Høyen Prize in 1984.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44221057761545,"sku":"1051077","price":380.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/c1_61b54087-d828-4a2d-9874-7d42f5b000d2.jpg?v=1677494799"},{"product_id":"roman-lead-axe-amulet","title":"Roman Lead Axe Amulet","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA fascinating ancient Roman amulet, this roughly cast lead axe offers a rare glimpse into Roman beliefs and symbolism. The small-sized figure likely served as a protective talisman, worn as an amulet or charm to ward off evil or bring strength to its wearer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eAxes, in various forms, were symbols of power and protection in Roman culture, making this amulet a striking reminder of the role of weaponry in both practical and spiritual life. Lead, being an easily worked material, made it ideal for crafting such personal, portable objects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA unique and historically intriguing artifact, this Roman lead axe amulet would make a compelling addition to any collection of Roman or ancient amulets, as well as those interested in the intersection of spirituality and daily life in antiquity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. \u003c\/span\u003eWear commensurate with age and use. \u003cspan style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'San Francisco', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eSize approx. 6,0cm x 3,5cm x 0,6cm. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44227386507529,"sku":"1052983","price":175.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/b1_85dfac74-982a-47f3-b88b-7c93b0af1e42.jpg?v=1677596323"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-lock-key-1","title":"Roman Bronze Key Door-Lock Bolt","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA fascinating cast bronze door-lock bolt from ancient Rome, once part of the locking mechanism of a wooden door. The bolt would slide back and forth to secure or release the door, operated only by the correct key. The small perforations of varying shapes corresponded precisely to the wards on the matching key—an ingenious system preventing unauthorized access.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eEarly Roman keys demonstrated remarkable technical sophistication and aesthetic refinement, serving not only as functional tools but also as symbols of ownership and status for those with property to protect. Keys and locking mechanisms of this type were used for doors, chests, cupboards, and caskets, and occasionally crafted for ceremonial or votive purposes. This fine example embodies the ingenuity and craftsmanship characteristic of Roman domestic life during the Imperial period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eGood condition. Surface wear and abrasions commensurate with age, nicks and corrosion, with encrusted patina and rich earthen deposits throughout. Size approx. 6,2cm x 1,7cm x 0,7cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p4\"\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p4\"\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p4\"\u003eRoman Chest Locks, Donald Jackson,\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eForum Ancient Coins (https:\/\/www.forumancientcoins.com\/numiswiki\/view.asp?key=roman%20chest%20locks)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44236151226633,"sku":"1064204","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/a1_b78c3230-e1cf-48be-b0c6-81958ffc7b03.jpg?v=1677751221"},{"product_id":"roman-casting-net-lead-weight","title":"Roman Casting Net Lead Weight","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 200–400 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA remarkable and well-preserved cast lead weight, featuring a corseted cylindrical form, once used as a vital component in ancient Roman fishing techniques.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe casting net, or throw net, was a simple yet highly effective tool for catching small bait or forage fish. Weighted around its edges, the circular net was skillfully thrown to spread out in midair before sinking, ensnaring fish as it was hauled back in. This method of fishing, known as net casting, has been in use for thousands of years.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eBeyond practical fishing applications, net casting even found its way into Roman gladiatorial combat. The retiarius, or “net fighter”, wielded a trident and weighted cast net in the arena, skillfully using it to ensnare and outmaneuver his heavily armored opponent, the secutor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA tangible link to both everyday life and the spectacle of ancient Rome, this authentic lead weight is an exceptional piece of history for collectors of Roman artifacts, maritime relics, or gladiatorial memorabilia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcellent condition. Wear commensurate with age and use. \u003cspan style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'San Francisco', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eRich encrusted patina. Ex-museum inventory number painted on the bottom. Size approx. 2,6cm x 2,8cm x 2,7cm. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44236156436745,"sku":"1034000","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/products\/b2_69ae7cb5-9f4c-4cfd-8630-06d97ac314a5.jpg?v=1677751628"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-unguentaria-5","title":"Roman Glass Unguentaria","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis exquisite Roman glass bottle, known as an unguentaria (or unguentarium, balsamarium, and lacrimarium), was likely used for holding oils, perfumes, or other liquid and powdered substances. The bottle features a slender, elongated neck that flows into a bell-shaped body, with a slight constriction at the neck’s junction to the flat base. The everted rim is delicately folded inward, and the bottle remains intact, displaying a form that was widely adopted throughout the Roman Empire from the first to the early fourth centuries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnguentaria were frequently found among Roman grave goods, though their exact purpose in funerary contexts is still debated. These bottles may have been used in rituals or as offerings, potentially containing oils, wine, or incense to honor the deceased or gods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman glassmakers were pioneers of advanced techniques over two millennia ago, with the development of soda-lime glass. This glass, made from silicon, sodium, and calcium oxides, was often colored with various metallic oxides. Copper provided shades from turquoise to light blue, green, and red, while cobalt was used to create a striking deep blue. Manganese and antimony produced vibrant yellows, whites, and purples, and iron contributed colors ranging from light blue to brown, green, and black, often mimicking the hues of precious gemstones like lapis lazuli and amethyst.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis unguentarium is a testament to the sophistication of Roman glassmaking, offering a glimpse into the artistry and innovation of the ancient world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eExcellent condition. Fantastic patina and age-induced wear occur. The surface of the exterior and interior is calcified and encrusted with minerals over the years. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBottle has a stunning iridescent colour that varying from aquamarine to silvery and dark bluish green. Size approx. 14,5cm x 5,0cm x 5,0cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: From the collection of painter and tv producer Ole Braunstein (1917–1999). Donee of the Høyen Prize in 1984.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44543720489225,"sku":"1099554","price":485.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/a1_dd1740da-af18-49db-a7b5-274439e32866.jpg?v=1691151110"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-unguentaria-6","title":"Roman Glass Unguentaria","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExceptional Roman glass bottle, known as an unguentaria (also referred to as unguentarium, balsamarium, or lacrimarium), likely used for holding oils, perfumes, or other liquids and powders. This small-sized bottle features a piriform (pear-shaped) body and a tubular long neck with a slight constriction at the junction to the flat base, accompanied by an everted rim. The rim is delicately folded inward, presenting a form widely adopted throughout the Roman Empire from the first to early fourth centuries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnguentaria were frequently found among Roman grave goods, though their precise purpose remains uncertain. These bottles may have been used for rituals or as offerings, potentially containing oils, wine, or incense meant to honor the deceased or gods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman glassmakers were pioneers in glass technology over 2,000 years ago, having developed soda-lime glass. This glass was created from a mixture of silicon, sodium, and calcium oxides, and often incorporated metallic oxides for color. Copper produced hues ranging from turquoise to light blue, green, and red, while cobalt created deep blue glass. Manganese and antimony contributed vibrant yellows, whites, and purples, and iron produced colors such as light blue, green, brown, and black, often imitating the shades of precious gemstones like lapis lazuli and amethyst.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis unguentarium showcases the skill and ingenuity of Roman glassmaking, offering a glimpse into the artistry and craftsmanship of the ancient world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGood condition. Fractures and small holes in the rim, otherwise intact. Gorgeous patina and age-induced wear occur. The surface of the exterior and interior is calcified and encrusted with minerals over the years. \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBottle has a stunning, heavy iridescent colour that varying from olive green to seafoam green. Size approx. 6,9cm x 2,1cm x 2,0cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProvenance: From the collection of painter and tv producer Ole Braunstein (1917–1999). Donee of the Høyen Prize in 1984.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44543729369353,"sku":"1021380","price":225.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/a1_47c2d6d4-1822-4c53-9c8e-4ca101f79c45.jpg?v=1691151507"},{"product_id":"copy-of-holy-land-pottery-oil-lamp-1","title":"Roman Terracotta Oil Lamp","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eLater Roman Empire, c. 400 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA superb example of Late Roman terracotta craftsmanship, this mold-made oil lamp is both elegantly simple and historically significant. Featuring a plain discus and rounded nozzle, its large circular body seamlessly leads to a short, rounded spout, while a concave, undecorated discus sits at the center. The flattened shoulders frame a small-sized filling hole (discus), and a prominent lug handle at the rear completes the design.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eOil lamps like this were an essential part of daily life across the ancient Mediterranean world, illuminating homes, temples, churches, synagogues, and mosques. Produced using double molds, these functional yet artful vessels held plant-fiber or linen wicks soaked in castor or sesame oil, providing a steady, warm glow in antiquity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA timeless relic from the 4th century AD, this terracotta oil lamp is a tangible connection to the past—a piece that once brought light to the lives of ancient Romans. A perfect addition for collectors of classical antiquities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Age-related wear with light deposits. Small hole near filling hole. Traces of slip paint. Nozzle had even traces of soot. Gorgeous patina. Size approx. 11,5cm x 8,5cm x 4,4cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44914079498505,"sku":"1066534","price":245.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_7366.jpg?v=1704728805"},{"product_id":"copy-of-roman-terracotta-oil-lamp","title":"Roman Terracotta Oil Lamp with Seated Dog Motif","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003eAn exceptional example of Roman mold-made terracotta craftsmanship, this charming oil lamp features a rounded body adorned with a greenish slip paint finish. The discus showcases a finely rendered seated dog in deep relief, framed by robust concentric circles that draw the eye toward the small filling hole.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003eA rounded, slightly uneven nozzle extends gracefully from the body, while a solid, unpierced lug handle is positioned at the rear for ease of handling. The flattened shoulders remain unadorned, emphasizing the central motif. The underside is also undecorated, except for a circular double base ring and an unclear maker’s mark, adding to its authenticity and historical intrigue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003eOil lamps like this were not only essential household items but also held religious and cultural significance, illuminating homes, temples, churches, synagogues, and mosques throughout the ancient world. Designed for use with plant-fiber or linen wicks and fueled by castor or sesame oil, these small but vital artifacts provided light for daily life and sacred rituals alike.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p3\"\u003eA remarkable piece of 1st–3rd century AD Roman heritage, this oil lamp is a stunning blend of artistry and function—an ideal addition to any serious collection of antiquities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Age-related wear and abrasion with light deposit. Hole in the discus and chip in the sides, otherwise intact. Gorgeous patina. Size approx. 10,4cm x 7,7cm x 4,3cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44916199850249,"sku":"1027640","price":255.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_7396.jpg?v=1704800488"},{"product_id":"copy-of-roman-bronze-fibula","title":"Roman Bronze Crossbow Fibula","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eLater Roman Empire, c. 300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eAn absolutely stunning Late Roman bronze crossbow fibula, a striking example of the status and prestige associated with high-ranking Roman officials and military personnel. This elegant and well-preserved fibula features a ridged crossbar, adorned with two oblate spheres with central raised points, while a third onion-shaped terminal sits prominently above the junction with the bow—a distinctive feature of crossbow fibulae. The bow itself is beautifully embellished with vertical channels, lending it a refined, architectural aesthetic. The rectangular footplate, detailed with two vertical channels and dot decorations, further enhances its appeal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe separately made pin, an impressive example of Roman engineering, is attached via a hinge secured to a wire rod, inserted through the crossbar, and is completed by a D-shaped catchplate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eFibulae were essential accessories in Roman fashion, functioning as both decorative brooches and practical garment fasteners, typically securing cloaks and togas at the shoulder. Unlike modern brooches, fibulae followed the safety-pin principle and, beyond their utilitarian function, were also given as votive offerings to the gods.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe crossbow fibula was a hallmark of high-ranking Roman military and civil officials from 300–600 AD. The distinctive onion-shaped knobs suggest it was a symbol of authority and rank, much like those depicted in the famous fourth-century relief of the Roman general Stilicho in Mantua, where both the general and his son wear similar fibulae.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA magnificent and historically significant artifact, perfect for collectors of Roman militaria, antiquities, and ancient jewelry.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcellent condition. Wear consistent with age. Bends, surface scratches and light corrosion. Complete with hinged pin (moveable). Light encrustation. Beautiful light green patina. Size approx. 5,4cm x 3,7cm x 1,8cm. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrossbow fibula, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 67.259.2 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/325947)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrossbow fibula, Harvard Art Museums\/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Accession Number: 1992.256.107 (https:\/\/harvardartmuseums.org\/collections\/object\/304550)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44997805900041,"sku":"100100191","price":375.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8287.jpg?v=1706789220"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-knee-fibula","title":"Roman Bronze Knee Fibula","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD, Province of Pannonia\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA stunning and well-preserved Roman bronze knee fibula, a distinctive brooch worn by Roman soldiers in the 2nd century AD. This exquisite example features a gracefully arched bow, accentuated by a double bulge at its center, culminating in a pointed knob terminal. The original pin remains intact within the catch plate, further enhancing its authenticity and collectability.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eKnee fibulae, introduced into the Roman Empire by Germanic allies, were a hallmark of military attire, differing from crossbow fibulae, which symbolized rank and status. These brooches were primarily found at military sites, underscoring their strong association with Roman soldiers stationed across the empire, particularly in Pannonia (modern Hungary).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eWith its remarkable craftsmanship and historical significance, this fibula is an outstanding addition to any collection of Roman militaria, antique jewelry, or ancient artifacts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Wear consistent with age and use. Bends, surface scratches and corrosion. Complete with pin (moveable). Heavy encrustation. Beautiful green patina with russet hues. Size approx. 4,0 x 1,9 x 1,6cm. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFibula, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1872,0604.805 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/G_1872-0604-805)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45001883287817,"sku":"100100198","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8294.jpg?v=1706869323"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-hair-pins-4","title":"Roman Bronze Hair Pins","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eElegant pair of Roman-era hair pins, expertly cast in bronze. Each pin features a straight, tapering shaft ending in a pointed tip, designed to secure hair or fasten garments. Crowned with a bulbous spherical heads, a simple yet refined detail. Both pins exhibit a fine, mottled green patina, evidence of centuries of age and authentic Roman craftsmanship.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eIn Roman society, such pins were practical tools and decorative objects, used by both men and women. They served not only as fasteners but also as indicators of status, elegance, and personal taste, reflecting the sophistication of everyday Roman adornment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Intact. Age-related wear. Minimal corrosion. Size approx. 5,8cm x 0,6cm x 0,2cm and 3,5cm x 0,9cm x 0,2cm. Sell as a pair.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBronze pin, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: A645877  (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co87819\/bronze-pin-pin-fastener.)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,8045.53 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_2007-8045-53)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45001927753993,"sku":"100100199","price":115.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8313.jpg?v=1706869892"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-sewing-thimble","title":"Roman Bronze Sewing Thimbles","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eLater Roman Empire, c. 250–450 AD, France\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eAn exceptional and rare pair of Late Roman bronze sewing thimbles, crafted with precision and designed for tailors working with thick fabrics or leather. Each thimble features a thick, rounded body, elegantly covered with small indented punch-marks, ensuring a secure grip during use. Unlike dressmakers’ closed-top thimbles, these specialized open-top designs allowed for greater control and puncturing force, making them essential tools for Roman artisans.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe rich green patina, with mottled gray hues and light earthen deposits, beautifully reflects their age and authenticity. Despite surface wear and minor corrosion, both thimbles remain in very good condition, showcasing the durability of Roman craftsmanship.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA fantastic addition for collectors of ancient tools, Roman artifacts, or historical textiles, this pair offers a tangible connection to the skilled artisans of the Late Roman world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Private collection from Italy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThimble, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1851,0813.96 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/G_1851-0813-96)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45005396082953,"sku":"100100200","price":220.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8304.jpg?v=1706955240"},{"product_id":"byzantine-bronze-oil-lamp-filler-or-cosmetic-mortar","title":"Byzantine Bronze Oil Lamp Filler or Cosmetic Mortar","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p2\"\u003eThe Byzantine Empire, c. 400–900 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eMagnificent early Byzantine cast bronze oil-lamp filler or cosmetic mortar, featuring a beautifully balanced hemispherical body with a deep rounded bowl and a flattened base. A long, channeled spout extends gracefully from the side, designed for accurate pouring, while a finely shaped flat lobed handle and smaller lateral lugs complete the functional yet elegant form.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eObjects of this type—characterized by a small rounded bowl, extended spout, and distinctive handles—have been the subject of varied scholarly interpretation, ranging from baby feeders to miniature lamps. The most convincing explanation, however, is that they served either as mortars for grinding and mixing cosmetic substances, which were then poured into small vessels through the narrow spout, or as refined oil-lamp fillers used to channel oil cleanly into terracotta lamps.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p2\"\u003eA superb example of Byzantine bronze craftsmanship from an empire that spanned over a millennium. With its rich patina, crisp casting, and multifunctional archaeological form, this is an evocative relic of daily domestic life in the Eastern Roman world—an object equally valued for its practicality and its artistic refinement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Wear consistent with age and use. Surface scratches and corrosion due oxidation. Beautiful patina, light earthen deposits. Size approx. \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e9,5cm x 5,0cm x 1,8cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCosmetic Mortar or Lamp Filler, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Byzantine Collection, Washington, D.C., Accession Number: BZ.1988.1 (http:\/\/museum.doaks.org\/objects-1\/info\/36697)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCosmetic-mortar, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,6001.14209 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/W_2007-6001-14209)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCosmetics Mortar, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 39.40.100 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/449632)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eByzantine Empire, Mark Cartwright, World History Encyclopedia. Last modified September 19, 2018. (https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Byzantine_Empire\/.)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCosmetics Mortar, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/449632)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45005554417929,"sku":"1050675","price":185.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/oilfillera.jpg?v=1706961333"},{"product_id":"byzantine-bronze-oil-lamp-filler-or-cosmetic-mortar-1","title":"Byzantine Bronze Oil Lamp Filler or Cosmetic Mortar","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Byzantine Empire, c. 400–900 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eExcellent early Byzantine cast bronze oil-lamp filler or cosmetic mortar, featuring a beautifully balanced hemispherical body with a deep rounded bowl and a flattened base. A long, channeled spout likely once adorned this object—now lost—while a finely shaped flat lobed handle and smaller decorative lateral lugs complete the functional yet elegant form.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eObjects of this type—characterized by a small rounded bowl, extended spout, and distinctive handles—have been the subject of varied scholarly interpretation, ranging from baby feeders to miniature lamps. The most convincing explanation, however, is that they served either as mortars for grinding and mixing cosmetic substances, which were then poured into small vessels through the narrow spout, or as refined oil-lamp fillers used to channel oil cleanly into terracotta lamps.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA superb example of Byzantine bronze craftsmanship from an empire that spanned over a millennium. With its rich patina, crisp casting, and multifunctional archaeological form, this is an evocative relic of daily domestic life in the Eastern Roman world—an object appreciated equally for its practicality and its artistic refinement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Wear consistent with age and use. Holes and missing parts. Surface scratches and corrosion due oxidation. Beautiful patina, light earthen deposits. Size approx. \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e9,2cm x 7,5cm x 2,3cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCosmetic Mortar or Lamp Filler, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Byzantine Collection, Washington, D.C., Accession Number: BZ.1988.1 (http:\/\/museum.doaks.org\/objects-1\/info\/36697)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCosmetic-mortar, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,6001.14209 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/W_2007-6001-14209)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCosmetics Mortar, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 39.40.100 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/449632)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eByzantine Empire, Mark Cartwright, World History Encyclopedia. Last modified September 19, 2018. (https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/Byzantine_Empire\/.)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCosmetics Mortar, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/449632)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45016341676297,"sku":"1020214","price":195.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8372.jpg?v=1707214369"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-nail","title":"Roman Bronze Nail","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-300 AD.\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCharming Roman era nail, cast in bronze, featuring a cone shaped head and a four faceted, slightly bent heavy body with a wanting tip. Cast copper alloy and iron nails of various sizes were made by the Roman legion's metalworkers in their workshop (\u003cem\u003efabrica\u003c\/em\u003e) by smelting the ore and forming the nails by hand, producing a square tapered nails with a flattened pyramid shaped head. The larger nails were used to hold the wooden barrier around the fort in place. They were also used to secure the timber roofing of the fort buildings. The fortress at Inchtuthill, Perthshire, Scotland, had seven tons of iron nails left behind when the garrison was evacuated in 86-87 AD. There is also direct evidence that in the Roman world nails could be viewed as magical artefacts. They were sometimes inscribed with incantations or signs intended for religious or mystical benefit, used at shrines or on the doors of houses for protection. The Roman practice of \"annual nail\" (\u003cem\u003eclavus annalis\u003c\/em\u003e) and the nailing curse tablets (\u003cem\u003etabella defixiones\u003c\/em\u003e) shows the importance of using nails in magico-religious context. Nails from tombs and crucifixions were sometimes even worn around the neck as talismans against fevers, malaria and evil spells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGood condition. Intact. Age-related wear. A fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. Mineral encrustation and minimal corrosion. Size approx. 6,7cm x 1,7cm x 0,7cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCopper alloy nail, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Accession Number: AN1871.111 (https:\/\/collections.ashmolean.org\/object\/587615)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNail, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 74.51.5364 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/244243)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNail, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1975,0723.11 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/G_1975-0723-11)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystifying Roman Nails: Clavus Annalis, Defixiones and Minkisi, David Dungworth, Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal, 1997, pp: 148–159 (doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16995\/TRAC1997_148_159)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMagical practices? A non-normative Roman imperial cremation at Sagalassos, J. Claeys, K. Van de Vijver, E. Marinova, S. Cleymans, P. Degryse \u0026amp; J. Poblome, Antiquity, 2023; 97(391): 158-175. (doi:10.15184\/aqy.2022.171)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn a Roman Tomb, ‘Dead Nails’ Reveal an Occult Practice, Franz Lidz, The New York Times, Science, March 25, 2023. (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/03\/25\/science\/archaeology-ancient-rome-tomb.html)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45069050609929,"sku":"100100207","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8889.jpg?v=1708345576"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-nail-1","title":"Roman Bronze Nail","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA fascinating ancient Roman nail, cast in bronze, featuring a conical head and a four-faceted, slightly bent shaft tapering to a worn point. Roman nails of this type were meticulously crafted by legionary metalworkers in their workshops (fabricae), who smelted ore and hand-forged square-section nails with flattened, pyramid-shaped heads. Larger examples were used in the construction of wooden fortifications and roofs of military structures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eArchaeological finds, such as the cache of seven tons of iron nails discovered at the Roman fortress of Inchtuthill in Perthshire, Scotland—abandoned in 86–87 AD—testify to their vast production and essential role in Roman engineering.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eBeyond their utilitarian purpose, nails also held ritual and symbolic significance in the Roman world. Some were inscribed with magical formulas or placed at shrines and doorways for protection. The Roman custom of the “clavus annalis” (annual nail) and the use of curse tablets (tabellae defixionum) reflect their role in ritual magic. Nails recovered from tombs or crucifixion sites were sometimes even worn as talismans, believed to ward off fever, malaria, and malevolent forces.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA remarkable object that encapsulates both the technical ingenuity and spiritual complexity of Roman civilization.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Surface wear and abrasions commensurate with age and use.\u003cspan class=\"Apple-converted-space\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eA fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. Mineral encrustation and minimal corrosion. Size approx. 5,9cm x 1,4cm x 0,7cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopper alloy nail, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Accession Number: AN1871.111 (https:\/\/collections.ashmolean.org\/object\/587615)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNail, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 74.51.5364 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/244243)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNail, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1975,0723.11 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/G_1975-0723-11)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystifying Roman Nails: Clavus Annalis, Defixiones and Minkisi, David Dungworth, Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal, 1997, pp: 148–159 (doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16995\/TRAC1997_148_159)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMagical practices? A non-normative Roman imperial cremation at Sagalassos, J. Claeys, K. Van de Vijver, E. Marinova, S. Cleymans, P. Degryse \u0026amp; J. Poblome, Antiquity, 2023; 97(391): 158-175. (doi:10.15184\/aqy.2022.171)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn a Roman Tomb, ‘Dead Nails’ Reveal an Occult Practice, Franz Lidz, The New York Times, Science, March 25, 2023. (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/03\/25\/science\/archaeology-ancient-rome-tomb.html)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45069069091081,"sku":"100100208","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8891.jpg?v=1708346257"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-nail-2","title":"Roman Bronze Nail","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA fascinating ancient Roman nail, cast in bronze, featuring a conical head and a four-faceted, slightly bent shaft tapering to a worn point. Roman nails of this type were meticulously crafted by legionary metalworkers in their workshops (fabricae), who smelted ore and hand-forged square-section nails with flattened, pyramid-shaped heads. Larger examples were used in the construction of wooden fortifications and roofs of military structures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eArchaeological finds, such as the cache of seven tons of iron nails discovered at the Roman fortress of Inchtuthill in Perthshire, Scotland—abandoned in 86–87 AD—testify to their vast production and essential role in Roman engineering.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eBeyond their utilitarian purpose, nails also held ritual and symbolic significance in the Roman world. Some were inscribed with magical formulas or placed at shrines and doorways for protection. The Roman custom of the “clavus annalis” (annual nail) and the use of curse tablets (tabellae defixionum) reflect their role in ritual magic. Nails recovered from tombs or crucifixion sites were sometimes even worn as talismans, believed to ward off fever, malaria, and malevolent forces.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA remarkable object that encapsulates both the technical ingenuity and spiritual complexity of Roman civilization.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eGood condition. Surface wear and abrasions commensurate with age and use. A fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. Mineral encrustation and minimal corrosion. Size approx. 6,0cm x 1,1cm x 0,6cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopper alloy nail, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Accession Number: AN1871.111 (https:\/\/collections.ashmolean.org\/object\/587615)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNail, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 74.51.5364 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/244243)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNail, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1975,0723.11 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/G_1975-0723-11)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystifying Roman Nails: Clavus Annalis, Defixiones and Minkisi, David Dungworth, Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal, 1997, pp: 148–159 (doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16995\/TRAC1997_148_159)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMagical practices? A non-normative Roman imperial cremation at Sagalassos, J. Claeys, K. Van de Vijver, E. Marinova, S. Cleymans, P. Degryse \u0026amp; J. Poblome, Antiquity, 2023; 97(391): 158-175. (doi:10.15184\/aqy.2022.171)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn a Roman Tomb, ‘Dead Nails’ Reveal an Occult Practice, Franz Lidz, The New York Times, Science, March 25, 2023. (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/03\/25\/science\/archaeology-ancient-rome-tomb.html)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45074251612425,"sku":"100100214","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_9005.jpg?v=1708442358"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-nail-3","title":"Roman Bronze Nail","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA fascinating ancient Roman nail, cast in bronze, featuring a conical head and a four-faceted, slightly bent shaft tapering to a worn point. Roman nails of this type were meticulously crafted by legionary metalworkers in their workshops (fabricae), who smelted ore and hand-forged square-section nails with flattened, pyramid-shaped heads. Larger examples were used in the construction of wooden fortifications and roofs of military structures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eArchaeological finds, such as the cache of seven tons of iron nails discovered at the Roman fortress of Inchtuthill in Perthshire, Scotland—abandoned in 86–87 AD—testify to their vast production and essential role in Roman engineering.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eBeyond their utilitarian purpose, nails also held ritual and symbolic significance in the Roman world. Some were inscribed with magical formulas or placed at shrines and doorways for protection. The Roman custom of the “clavus annalis” (annual nail) and the use of curse tablets (tabellae defixionum) reflect their role in ritual magic. Nails recovered from tombs or crucifixion sites were sometimes even worn as talismans, believed to ward off fever, malaria, and malevolent forces.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA remarkable object that encapsulates both the technical ingenuity and spiritual complexity of Roman civilization.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eGood condition. Surface wear and abrasions commensurate with age and use. A fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. Mineral encrustation and minimal corrosion. Size approx. 8,1cm x 1,5cm x 0,7cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopper alloy nail, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Accession Number: AN1871.111 (https:\/\/collections.ashmolean.org\/object\/587615)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNail, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 74.51.5364 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/244243)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNail, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1975,0723.11 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/G_1975-0723-11)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystifying Roman Nails: Clavus Annalis, Defixiones and Minkisi, David Dungworth, Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal, 1997, pp: 148–159 (doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16995\/TRAC1997_148_159)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMagical practices? A non-normative Roman imperial cremation at Sagalassos, J. Claeys, K. Van de Vijver, E. Marinova, S. Cleymans, P. Degryse \u0026amp; J. Poblome, Antiquity, 2023; 97(391): 158-175. (doi:10.15184\/aqy.2022.171)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn a Roman Tomb, ‘Dead Nails’ Reveal an Occult Practice, Franz Lidz, The New York Times, Science, March 25, 2023. (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/03\/25\/science\/archaeology-ancient-rome-tomb.html)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45074264752393,"sku":"100100215","price":95.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_9009.jpg?v=1708442617"},{"product_id":"roman","title":"Roman Ivory Knife Handle with Hound and Hare Motif","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 200–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eAn absolutely stunning example of Roman craftsmanship, this delicately carved zoomorphic ivory knife handle showcases a hound and hare motif—a captivating depiction of nature and hunting. The rectangular handle is beautifully embellished with the figures of a lean hound and a slender hare, rendered with remarkable detail. The hound’s well-moulded limbs and elongated head, with the snout almost touching the hare’s tail, convey the intensity of a chase, while the hare’s own graceful body is angled in pursuit.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe reverse side of the handle features intricate concentric circle and dot decorations, enhancing its aesthetic appeal. The copper alloy blade remains in fragmented form, showing signs of age with damaged edges but still offering a glimpse of the casting and hammering process typical of the time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThis zoomorphic knife would have been a symbolic and functional object in Roman life, with the hound and hare motif possibly representing themes of hunting, fidelity, or even protection. A rare and exceptionally preserved relic, it represents the height of Roman artistry and would make a highly coveted addition to any collection of Roman luxury items or zoomorphic artifacts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eWear consistent with age and use. Surface scratches and light corrosion. Beautiful patina. Size approx. 8,2cm x 1,7cm x 1,0cm and blade 8,0cm x 1,6cm x 0,1cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Private collection from Italy\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnife, Corinium Museum,  Accession Number: 1980\/109\/22 (https:\/\/coriniummuseum.org\/object\/1980-109-22-2\/)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFolding knife handle, Museum of London, Accession Number: A10479 (https:\/\/collections.museumoflondon.org.uk\/online\/object\/8165.html)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45084319023369,"sku":"100100219","price":850.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8939_c53c1d45-d5e4-44c4-aa06-84f052549daf.jpg?v=1708606094"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-ring-1","title":"Roman Bronze Ring","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA fascinating and unfinished ancient Roman finger ring, coarsely modeled in bronze, offering a glimpse into the jewelry-making process of antiquity. Despite its unrefined state, the ring retains a timeless simplicity, reflecting the widespread use of such adornments in Roman society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eRings were the most commonly worn type of jewelry during the Roman period, adorned by men, women, and children. While the elite favored gold and silver rings, the Plebeians and lower classes wore more affordable bronze, iron, and copper rings to signify their social status. Some rings featured intaglios, gemstones, or intricate engravings, while others, like this example, remained unembellished.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThis piece is an exceptional artifact that captures the craftsmanship, daily life, and social structure of the Roman Empire—a unique addition to any collection of ancient jewelry or Roman antiquities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Intact. A fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues.  Corrosion. Size approx. 2,0cm x 1,8cm x 0,4cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45085002105097,"sku":"100100221","price":75.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8881.jpg?v=1708615474"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-hair-pins-6","title":"Roman Bronze Hair Pins","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eElegant pair of Roman-era hair pins, expertly cast in bronze. Each pin features a straight, tapering shaft ending in a pointed tip, designed to secure hair or fasten garments. One pin is topped with a bulbous spherical head, while the other has a thicker decahedral head, showcasing subtle variation in form and style. Both pins exhibit a fine, mottled green patina, evidence of centuries of age and authentic Roman craftsmanship.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eIn Roman society, such pins were practical tools and decorative objects, used by both men and women. They served not only as fasteners but also as indicators of status, elegance, and personal taste, reflecting the sophistication of everyday Roman adornment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Wear consistent with age and use. Bends, surface scratches and corrosion. Losses near to the pin. Size approx. 4,1cm x 0,8cm x 0,2cm and 2,0cm x 0,7cm x 0,2cm. Sell as a pair.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBronze pin, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: A645877  (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co87819\/bronze-pin-pin-fastener.)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,8045.53 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_2007-8045-53)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45085037494537,"sku":"100100222","price":95.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8932.jpg?v=1708615934"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-pin-3","title":"Roman Bronze Pin","description":"\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFabulous ancient Roman pin modelled in bronze, featuring a rectangular head and a straight tapering body with a pointy end. Pins of this type were used in antiquity as alternatives to brooches for securing garments, or as hair pins. A fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eModerate condition. \u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eIntact. Heavy wear consistent with age. Bends, surface scratches and corrosion. Verdigris encrusted.\u003c\/span\u003e Size approx. 9,2cm x 0,3cm x 0,3cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 25.78.135 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/251915)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHair-pin, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,8045.48 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_2007-8045-48)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45085079929097,"sku":"100100223","price":85.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8984.jpg?v=1708616366"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-hair-pins-7","title":"Roman Bronze Hair Pins","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eElegant pair of Roman-era hair pins, expertly cast in bronze. Each pin features a straight, tapering shaft ending in a pointed tip, designed to secure hair or fasten garments. Crowned with a bulbous spherical heads, a simple yet refined detail. Both pins exhibit a fine, mottled green patina, evidence of centuries of age and authentic Roman craftsmanship.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eIn Roman society, such pins were practical tools and decorative objects, used by both men and women. They served not only as fasteners but also as indicators of status, elegance, and personal taste, reflecting the sophistication of everyday Roman adornment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Intact. Age-related wear. Minimal corrosion. Size approx. 5,7cm x 0,8cm x 0,2cm and 3,0cm x 0,6cm x 0,2cm. Sell as a pair.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBronze pin, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: A645877  (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co87819\/bronze-pin-pin-fastener.)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePin, The British Museum, Accession Number: 2007,8045.53 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_2007-8045-53)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45101790855433,"sku":"100100228","price":95.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8935_fc0435cd-09fe-4604-93a8-4afa2a4853f1.jpg?v=1708959041"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-sewing-needle","title":"Roman Bronze Sewing Needle","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA superb and well-crafted ancient Roman sewing needle, expertly modeled in bronze. This elegant tool features a rounded flat head with two precisely perforated round eyes, allowing for the secure threading of fine fibers. The long, straight body tapers to a sharp point, demonstrating the exceptional craftsmanship of Roman metalworkers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eBronze needles like this were essential tools in Roman daily life, used for sewing garments, embroidery, and textile production. The fine green patina, enriched with mottled grayish hues, attests to its centuries-old history. A rare and fascinating artifact, it offers a tangible connection to the artistry and practicality of the ancient world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA perfect addition to any collection of Roman antiquities, textile artifacts, or early craftsmanship tools.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Intact. \u003c\/span\u003eWear commensurate with age and use. \u003cspan style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'San Francisco', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eDirt, dust and minimal corrosion. Size approx. 13,8cm x 0,6cm x 0,3cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeedle, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 17.230.95 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/250622)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNeedle, bronze, Roman (?), 199BC-500AD, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: A646524 (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co88694\/needle-bronze-roman-199bc-500ad-needle-piercing-tool.)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45101871104265,"sku":"100100229","price":125.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8980.jpg?v=1708963168"},{"product_id":"roman-lead-horse-toy","title":"Roman Lead Horse Toy Figure","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–200 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA fabulous example of ancient Roman craftsmanship, this lead horse toy figure is a rare glimpse into the childhood of the Roman world. Roughly cast, the figure is small in size, yet it captures stylized anatomical detailing that reflects the artistic sensibilities of the period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eSmall toy figures like this were likely part of Roman children's playthings, serving as both entertainment and miniature representations of the real-life animals that played a significant role in Roman society, from transportation to battle. This charming piece provides a tangible connection to Roman childhood and the cultural significance of animals in daily life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA unique and historically fascinating artifact, this lead horse figure is an excellent addition to any collection of Roman antiquities or ancient toys—a rare and engaging relic from the past.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Bend and dents. Age-related heavy wear, abrasion and encrusted patina. Size approx. 6,2cm x 4,5cm x 1,4cm. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eProvenance: British private collection.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45231462744329,"sku":"100100246","price":175.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_8877.jpg?v=1711540317"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-sewing-needle-1","title":"Roman Bronze Cosmetic Tweezers","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–400 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA magnificent and complete pair of Roman bronze cosmetic tweezers, beautifully preserved and displaying the refined simplicity characteristic of Roman personal grooming tools. Expertly fashioned from a single piece of flat bronze, the metal is folded and indented to form a rounded suspension loop at the top, allowing the tweezers to be worn or hung for immediate use. The elongated blades are rectangular in section, subtly flaring toward their blunt terminals—an elegant and practical form for plucking hair or applying cosmetics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe surface is enriched with a fine, ancient patina of deep green and mottled russet tones, creating a rich archaeological texture across the metal. Cosmetic implements such as these were essential accessories in Roman daily life, used by both men and women and often found in toiletry kits alongside ear scoops, nail cleaners, and small glass containers of scented oils or powders. Tweezers also carried a social dimension: personal grooming was considered a marker of civility and refinement within Roman culture.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA superb example with excellent colour, appealing simplicity, and complete integrity—an ideal addition to any collection of Roman antiquities or ancient personal adornment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Intact. Age-related wear and light corrosion. Size approx. 4,6cm x 0,7cm x 0,7cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Swedish private collection\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTweezers, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1904,0204.71 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/G_1904-0204-71)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBronze tweezers, Roman, 199 BCE-500 CE, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: A621895 (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co87777\/bronze-tweezers-roman-199-bce-500-ce-tweezers)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45269369454857,"sku":"100100254","price":125.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_9952.jpg?v=1712241817"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-bracelet","title":"Roman Bronze Bracelet","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–400 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA charming ancient Roman penannular bracelet, hammered and shaped from a single rod of bronze. The form tapers elegantly towards each end, finishing in delicate pointed terminals that highlight the simplicity and purity of the design. Though undecorated, the bracelet embodies the refined minimalism characteristic of Roman personal adornment. Worn by both men and women, such bracelets functioned as markers of identity and social status and were often worn in multiples on each wrist or arm. This example, with its smooth surface and rich, time-worn patina, offers a beautiful glimpse into the intimate world of Roman daily life and personal ornamentation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Intact. \u003c\/span\u003eSurface wear and abrasions commensurate with age and use. A fine green patina envelops in layers of russet hues. \u003cspan style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'San Francisco', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eSize approx. 6,3cm x 4,7cm x 0,4cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: British private collection.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45273574703369,"sku":"100100255","price":175.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_0096.jpg?v=1712312957"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-nail-4","title":"Roman Bronze Nail","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eExcellent Roman bronze nail, cast with a conical head and a narrow four-faceted shank tapering to a sharp point. Forged by legionary metalworkers (fabrica), nails of this type were produced in vast quantities for military construction—used to secure timber fortifications, roofing, and structural elements throughout the Empire. A rich, mottled green patina now envelops its surface, adding to its ancient character.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eBeyond their practical role, nails also held ritual and symbolic meaning in Roman culture. They were sometimes inscribed with protective incantations, fixed to doors or shrines as magical safeguards, or used in ceremonies such as the clavus annalis. Nails retrieved from tombs or sites of crucifixion were even worn as talismans against fever, misfortune, and malevolent forces. This fine example thus embodies both the utilitarian craftsmanship of the Roman military and the deeper magico-religious traditions of the ancient world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcellent condition. Surface wear and abrasions commensurate with age and use. A fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled grayish hues. Mineral encrustation and minimal corrosion. \u003cspan style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'San Francisco', 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eSize approx. 7,6cm x 1,4cm x 0,5cm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Danish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCopper alloy nail, Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, Accession Number: AN1871.111 (https:\/\/collections.ashmolean.org\/object\/587615)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNail, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 74.51.5364 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/244243)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNail, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1975,0723.11 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/G_1975-0723-11)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystifying Roman Nails: Clavus Annalis, Defixiones and Minkisi, David Dungworth, Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal, 1997, pp: 148–159 (doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16995\/TRAC1997_148_159)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMagical practices? A non-normative Roman imperial cremation at Sagalassos, J. Claeys, K. Van de Vijver, E. Marinova, S. Cleymans, P. Degryse \u0026amp; J. Poblome, Antiquity, 2023; 97(391): 158-175. (doi:10.15184\/aqy.2022.171)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn a Roman Tomb, ‘Dead Nails’ Reveal an Occult Practice, Franz Lidz, The New York Times, Science, March 25, 2023. (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2023\/03\/25\/science\/archaeology-ancient-rome-tomb.html)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45282548580617,"sku":"100100259","price":95.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_0097.jpg?v=1712398502"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-knee-fibula-1","title":"Roman Silvered Bronze Knee Fibula","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD, Province of Pannonia\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eAn exceptional example of a Roman silvered bronze knee fibula, this finely crafted brooch features a gracefully arched bow leading to a small, semi-circular knob terminal and short tubular wings. The catch plate extends downward, curling at the base, securely housing the original pin—an impressive feature given its antiquity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eFibulae (plural of fibula) served as both decorative and functional garment fasteners, commonly worn at the right shoulder to secure cloaks and togas. Based on the safety-pin principle, these brooches evolved into a wide variety of forms, each reflecting regional and stylistic influences. The term fibula was even shared with the fibula bone, as ancient Romans noted a resemblance between certain brooch designs and the shape of the bone.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe knee fibula was a distinctive military brooch of the 2nd century AD, originating in Roman Pannonia (modern Hungary). Unlike crossbow fibulae, which denoted rank in the Roman army and civil service, knee fibulae were almost exclusively worn by soldiers and are rarely found outside military contexts. Some fibulae were also dedicated as votive offerings to the gods, adding a deeper cultural and spiritual significance.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA rare and historically significant artifact, this silvered bronze fibula is a tangible link to the military traditions and craftsmanship of the Roman Empire, making it a superb acquisition for collectors of ancient military relics and Roman antiquities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery good condition. Wear consistent with age and use. Some surface scratches and corrosion. Complete with original working pin. Beautiful green patina. Size approx. 2,5 x 1,5 x 1,7cm. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Swedish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45282586919177,"sku":"100100260","price":165.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_9956.jpg?v=1712405771"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-ring-3","title":"Roman Child's Bronze Ring","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 200–300 AD\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eAn exceptionally rare and endearing small-sized ancient Roman bronze ring, likely worn by a child during the intriguing late Roman period. Featuring a thick, symmetrical band, this piece is a remarkable glimpse into the personal adornment of ancient Roman society.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eRings were the most commonly worn jewelry in ancient Rome, adorned by men, women, and children alike. They were crafted from a variety of materials, including gold, silver, copper, bronze, iron, and glass, sometimes set with precious stones or intaglios. While senators and bureaucrats were entitled to wear golden rings, members of the plebeian class often wore bronze or iron rings to showcase their status and identity without the high cost of luxury metals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThis fascinating artifact offers a touching connection to the daily life and customs of ancient Rome, making it a superb addition to any collection of Roman antiquities or historical jewelry.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGood condition. Intact. A fine green patina envelops in layers of mottled hues. Age-related wear. Dents and minimal corrosion. Size approx. 1,6cm x 1,6cm x 0,3cm. Weight c. 3g\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eProvenance: Swedish private collection.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45387855560969,"sku":"100100264","price":95.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_0099.jpg?v=1713947329"},{"product_id":"la-tene-culture-bronze-fibula-of-the-jezerine-type","title":"La Têne Culture Bronze Fibula of the Jezerine type","description":"\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLa Têne Culture III, c. 35 BC - 1 BC, Western or Central Europe.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn exceptional and rare Jezerine-type fibula, featuring a four-coil spring with an internal chord. The bow is wide and flat, with a high, evenly arched ribbon-like design, adorned with grooves or beading along its length. This intricate decoration is complemented by a small ornamental knot of thin horizontal bands above the narrowed foot, which ends in a squarish pierced catch plate. Fibulae, plural for fibula, served as brooches or pins to fasten garments, typically worn at the right shoulder. Their designs were inspired by the safety-pin principle and came in a variety of forms. In ancient Rome and other Latin-speaking regions, the word fibula also referred to the fibula bone, as its shape was thought to resemble popular brooch designs. Beyond their practical use, fibulae were occasionally offered as votive gifts to deities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJezerine-type fibulae represent a fusion of Roman influence and Celtic craftsmanship. This style emerged around 35 BC and saw widespread use until approximately AD 10\/20. They have been discovered across a broad geographical range, from the western Mediterranean to the Baltic, with a notable concentration in eastern Slavonia, Syrmia, and northern Serbia. This region, during the Late Iron Age, was home to the Scordisci, a political group mentioned in ancient sources.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe La Têne culture, spanning c. 480 - 50 BC, marked the height of Celtic power in Europe during the second phase of the Iron Age. Known for their hill forts, rich burials, and exceptional craftsmanship, the La Têne Celts were a highly stratified society with kings, Druids, warriors, farmers, and slaves. Fiercely warlike, their dominance in central Europe peaked in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. However, by 50 BC, they were subjugated, facing incursions by Germanic tribes from the north and Roman forces from the south. This Jezerine fibula is a testament to the artistic and cultural sophistication of the La Têne Celts, reflecting both their craftsmanship and their interactions with neighboring civilizations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcellent condition. Wear consistent with age. Some surface scratches and corrosion. Fissure in the catch plate. Complete with original working pin. Beautiful greenish russet patina. Size approx. 6,5cm x 2,6 x 1,1cm. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Swedish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003eBrooch, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1868,1228.332 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/H_1868-1228-332)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJezerine Fibula 125 B.C. - 40 A.D., NumisWiki - The Collaborative Numismatics Project, Forum Ancient Coins. (https:\/\/www.forumancientcoins.com\/numiswiki\/view.asp?key=Jezerine%20Fibula)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuropean Prehistory: A Survey (Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology), Sarunas \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eMilisauskas, 2012, p. 354.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45451387797769,"sku":"100100292","price":425.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_1092_43481a1d-9de2-4fdf-a8a8-6092a37d354b.jpg?v=1715080529"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-crossbow-fibula","title":"Roman Bronze Crossbow Fibula","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eLater Roman Empire, c. 350 AD, Upper Danube or Pannonia Region\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eA magnificent and impressively crafted Late Roman bronze crossbow fibula, an iconic status symbol of the empire’s military and elite class. This large, exquisitely designed brooch features a crossbar adorned with two oblate spheres, each with a central raised point, while a third onion-shaped terminal sits proudly at the bow’s junction. The boldly channeled bow and the rectangular footplate with raised ridges display fine craftsmanship, indicative of the fibula’s prestige.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThis type of crossbow fibula, used between 300–600 AD, was an essential element of Roman military and civil attire. The separately made pin, secured by a hinge with a D-shaped catchplate, demonstrates precise engineering, ensuring durability and function. More than just a practical garment fastener, fibulae were highly valued as decorative and symbolic accessories, often signifying rank and status.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eWorn prominently on the shoulders of Roman officers and administrators, the crossbow fibula became a hallmark of authority, as seen in the famous relief of the 4th-century Roman general Stilicho in Mantua, where both he and his son are depicted wearing such fibulae. Some high-ranking individuals even possessed gold versions, further emphasizing their elite status.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eAn outstanding piece of Roman history, this bronze crossbow fibula is a testament to the power and prestige of the Late Roman Empire—a remarkable addition for collectors of Roman militaria, ancient jewelry, or historical artifacts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Wear consistent with age and use. Bends, surface scratches and light corrosion. Fissure at the middle of the bow. Complete with original pin. Light encrustation. Beautiful greenish red patina. Size approx. 7,1cm x 4,6cm x 2,3cm. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Swedish private collection\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrossbow fibula, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 67.259.2 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/325947)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrossbow fibula, Harvard Art Museums\/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Accession Number: 1992.256.107 (https:\/\/harvardartmuseums.org\/collections\/object\/304550)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45467946582281,"sku":"100100302","price":320.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_1097.jpg?v=1715346909"},{"product_id":"etruscan-bucchero-ware-wine-cup-kylix-copy","title":"Etruscan Bronze Statuette of Herakles (Hercle)","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p1\"\u003eClassical Period, c. 480–300 BC, Etruria, Italy\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eAn exceptional and highly refined bronze statuette of the mythological hero Herakles—known to the Etruscans as Hercle—depicted nude and standing in an elegant contrapposto pose. His weight rests firmly on his right leg, with the left subtly bent, evoking a sense of poised movement. Hercle raises his right arm, once holding a club (now lost), while the Nemean lion skin, symbolizing his first labour, is draped gracefully over his extended left arm. The lion skin is rendered with remarkable detail—its head, paws, and tail clearly defined.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eThe figure’s rounded head, large almond-shaped eyes, pointed nose, and finely sculpted mouth give him a distinctive and expressive presence. His short, cap-like hair is engraved with parallel incised lines, typical of Etruscan style. The entire figure is meticulously modelled, with highly polished surfaces accentuating the powerful musculature—from the arms and torso to the thighs and calves—imbuing the piece with both grace and strength.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eTwo integral tangs beneath the feet would have originally secured the statuette to a base; it is now mounted on a modern Carrara marble plinth, providing a striking contrast.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eHerakles (Hercle) was a beloved figure in Etruscan religion and art, admired for his strength, virtue, and protective power. In northern Italy, he was venerated as a defender of civilization against monstrous forces. Small bronze votive figures such as this were frequently offered at sanctuaries dedicated to Hercle, particularly throughout the Sabellian region of Etruria.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"p1\"\u003eEtruscan bronze statuettes were traditionally solid-cast using the lost-wax technique, with finer details—such as the engraved hair—added post-casting. This statuette exemplifies the naturalism, technical sophistication, and symbolic power of Etruscan bronze work at its finest.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcellent condition. Wear consistent with age and use. Parts of the club and hands is missing. A sharp bronze with a fine glossy black-green patina. Size approx. 10,4cm x 5,5cm x 3,2cm (excluding the base).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Finnish private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNB! This object has been examined and evaluated by The Finnish National Gallery.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatuette of Herakles, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 96.9.430 (https:\/\/www.metmuseum.org\/art\/collection\/search\/246431)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatuette \"Hercule\", Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, Accession Number: bronze.551, bronze.530 \u0026amp; bronze.528\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatuette of Herakles (Hercules), National Trust Collections, Accession Number: 515071 (https:\/\/www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk\/object\/515071)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReferences and further reading:\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eItaly of the Etruscans, Ines Jucker, Verlag P. von Zabern, 1991.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGreek, Etruscan \u0026amp; Roman Bronzes in the Museum of Fine Arts, Mary Comstock  and Cornelius Vermeule, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Boston, 1971.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45491059622153,"sku":"100100312","price":9200.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_1354.jpg?v=1715771057"},{"product_id":"romano-egyptian-frog-pottery-oil-lamp","title":"Romano-Egyptian Frog Pottery Oil Lamp","description":"\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003cmeta charset=\"utf-8\"\u003e \u003cspan\u003eRoman Period, c. 100-300AD, Naukratis, Egypt\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA fantastic and rare example of a Roman Period pottery oil lamp, this beautifully mould-made piece from Naukratis, Egypt dates to c. 100-300 AD. Its distinctive tear-shaped design features an elongated, rounded reservoir with a small integral nozzle, pierced at the end for use. The circular filling hole is pierced through the body and the lamp is adorned with an intricately molded frog motif, a design exclusive to Egypt and known as the \"frog\" type.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe frog symbol in ancient Egypt carried deep meanings, most notably relating to childbirth, fertility, and rebirth. This lamp’s design likely alludes to the goddess Heqet, who was associated with birth and often depicted as a frog. Frogs were seen as potent symbols of life and regeneration, and their imagery appeared on various objects, including lamps, to invoke these qualities. As such, this lamp would have held significant symbolic value, especially in the context of life, fertility, and resurrection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMade from thick grey clay, differing from other Roman lamps, this egg-shaped oil lamp is part of a unique regional style produced exclusively in Egypt. It was in use from the 2nd century AD and remained in production until the 4th century AD, with some examples dating even later. The frog motif continued to resonate in Christian iconography as a symbol of rebirth and resurrection, sometimes appearing alongside the vine branch or the ankh, a sign of life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis exceptional piece embodies the rich cultural syncretism of Roman and Egyptian beliefs, making it an extraordinary addition to any collection of ancient artifacts. Don’t miss the opportunity to own this remarkable oil lamp, a symbol of life, fertility, and renewal from the ancient world!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood condition. Age-related wear and light abrasion. Chip. Smoothed surface with light deposits. Burnt nozzle. Gorgeous patina. Size approx. 8,1cm x 6,5cm x 3,5cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Finnish private collection\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a similar examples see:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRomano-Egyptian pottery oil lamp, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: 1948-188\/3 (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co42820\/earthenware-lamps-4th-century-bc-to-4th-century-ad)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOil-lamp, The British Museum, Accession Number: GR.200.1899 (https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/collection\/object\/X__4894)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRomano-Egyptian pottery oil lamp with 'frog' motif, Science Museum Group, Accession Number: 1948-188\/2 (https:\/\/collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk\/objects\/co42820\/earthenware-lamps-4th-century-bc-to-4th-century-ad)\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48559739011337,"sku":"100100336","price":285.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_1960.jpg?v=1728981598"},{"product_id":"roman-glass-multicolored-beaded-necklace","title":"Roman Glass Multicolored Beaded Necklace","description":"\u003ch3 data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Roman Empire, c. 100-200AD.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis exquisite Ancient Roman glass necklace captivates with a mesmerizing blend of translucent, multicolored beads in shades of blue, yellow, and moss green. Each bead is uniquely shaped, featuring subtle variations in color, translucency, and texture, creating an alluring mosaic effect that echoes the artistry of ancient Roman craftsmanship.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman glass beads, celebrated for their iridescent beauty, were crafted using techniques that have withstood the test of time. The inclusion of glass paste beads, which were created by combining powdered glass and a binder, allowed artisans to mimic the allure of precious stones like lapis lazuli and turquoise. In Roman culture, jewelry was more than mere adornment; it served as a public symbol of status and wealth. As the Roman Empire expanded, so did the complexity and sophistication of its jewelry, evolving from Etruscan-inspired designs to more intricate and ornate creations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis necklace is not only a stunning piece of ancient artistry but also a timeless statement of elegance, perfect for collectors and admirers of history alike. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcellent condition, necklace has been restrung. Signs of wear and age. Modern metal clasp. Wearable. Length c. 63,0cm. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Dutch private collection.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48702268342537,"sku":"100100339","price":750.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_2021.jpg?v=1731676830"},{"product_id":"roman-redware-pottery-flagon","title":"Roman Redware Pottery Flagon","description":"\u003ch3 class=\"p2\"\u003eRoman Empire, c. 100–200 AD,\u003cspan\u003e North Africa.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis stunning Roman redware flagon exemplifies the refined craftsmanship of the Imperial period, featuring a rounded, globular body balanced with a parabolic, narrow neck and a subtly flared rim. The vessel’s curved strap handle, adorned with two rustic grooves, adds character, while its low pedestal foot ensures stability. Made from fine-grained, light brown-orange clay with mica and lime inclusions, this piece is finished with a rich, dark red slip applied to the exterior, stopping just inside the neck and at the lower body.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis type of pottery, known as African Terra Sigillata, used specialized techniques to seal the red slip during the firing process, resulting in a durable and decorative finish. Flagon vessels like this were essential in Roman daily life, often used for carrying and storing water or precious libations. Its excellent preservation and beautiful proportions make it a valuable relic of ancient Roman ingenuity, ideal for collectors with an appreciation for timeless artifacts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVery fine condition. Intact, with pitting on surface, multiple root marks and earthy deposits and scratches commensurate with age. Size approx. 13,5cm x 9,0cm x 9,0cm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvenance: Finnish private collection. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Götan maailma","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48702420222217,"sku":"100100340","price":650.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0695\/1557\/5561\/files\/IMG_2103.jpg?v=1731679906"}],"url":"https:\/\/gotasworld.com\/collections\/roman-art.oembed?page=8","provider":"Göta's World","version":"1.0","type":"link"}