Bactrian Bronze Kohl Container

Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, c. 2200–1700 BC, Central Asia

This extraordinary Bactrian bronze kohl container, dating to the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) period between 2200 and 1700 BC, exemplifies the sophisticated metalwork of this ancient Central Asian civilization. The vessel boasts an elongated ovoid body raised on three sculptural legs, each terminating in the finely cast front body of a ram, complete with gracefully curved horns. A tubular neck extends upward, culminating in a flat everted rim intricately adorned with incised decorative patterns, adding to the vessel’s striking elegance.

The BMAC, also known as the Oxus Civilization, flourished in what is now northern Afghanistan, southeastern Turkmenistan, and southern Uzbekistan. This advanced Bronze Age society was distinguished by monumental architecture, exquisite craftsmanship in bronze and ceramics, and a thriving trade network. Its people were primarily agrarian, cultivating wheat and barley through advanced irrigation techniques while also producing exceptional works of art and metallurgy.

Kohl, the cosmetic for which this vessel was crafted, has been used since at least Naqada III (c. 3100 BC) in Egypt and remained widely popular across the ancient world. Made from powdered stibnite or galena, kohl was not only an aesthetic enhancement but also believed to offer medicinal and protective benefits, shielding the eyes from infections and the glare of the sun. In Islamic tradition, the Prophet Muhammad encouraged the use of kohl, particularly Ithmid (antimony), for its reputed benefits to eyesight and eyelash growth.

This remarkable bronze vessel stands as a testament to the artistic excellence and cultural refinement of the Bactrian civilization. Its zoomorphic elements, intricate detailing, and functional significance in beauty and health rituals reflect the deep intersection of artistry, daily life, and spiritual beliefs in the ancient world.

Good condition. Wear consistent with age and use. Surface scratches and corrosion due oxidation. Engraved decorations on the body and the rim almost erased by wear. Small hole at the bottom. Built up verdigris patina, light earthen deposits. Size approx. 9,5cm x 5,5cm x 5,5cm.

Provenance: Danish private collection.

For a similar example see:

Vessel, The British Museum, Accession Number: 1996,0323.1 (https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1996-0323-1)

References and further reading:

Margus, Turkmenistan: Ancient oriental kingdom in the old delta of the Murghab river, Wiktor Sarianidi, Publisher Benatzky Druck & Medien, January 1, 2002.

Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia, Massimo Vidale, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.

Thinking Around Grave 3245 in the 'Royal Graveyard' of Gonur (Murghab Delta, Turkmenistan), in: On the Track of Uncovering a Civilisation. A volume in honor of the 80th-anniversary of Victor Sarianidi, Sandro Salvatori, 2010.