Bactrian Double-Sided Steatite Stamp Seal

Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), c. 2200–1700 BC, Central Asia

Magnificent and exceptionally rare double-sided stamp seal carved from light grey steatite, of compact discoid form with a smooth, rounded perimeter. Finely engraved on both faces and pierced for suspension, indicating it was likely worn at the waist or as a personal ornament. One side depicts a dynamic scene of a mounted hunter advancing to the left (reversed when impressed), brandishing a spear or lance against a long serpent at ground level. The horse is carefully rendered with a muscular body, slender bridled head, long tail, and a fringed saddle cloth. The reverse shows two human figures holding cups: a seated figure, possibly a ruler, enthroned on a padded seat and holding a staff, facing a standing figure—perhaps a consort or queen—also holding a staff. The figures are framed by stylized vegetal fronds.

Stone stamp seals of this flat, engraved type are characteristic of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex and are widely regarded as markers of social identity, status, or group affiliation. Archaeological finds suggest they were commonly suspended from belts, as evidenced by their placement at the pelvis in male burials, notably at sites such as Altyn Tepe in modern Turkmenistan. In addition to their symbolic or apotropaic function, impressions from such seals have been found on ceramic vessels, indicating their use as potter’s marks or ownership symbols. A powerful and evocative object from one of Central Asia’s earliest urban civilizations, combining artistry, authority, and ritual significance in a single form.

Excellent condition. Intact. Surface wear and abrasions commensurate with age and use. Fine surface smoothness, and good preservation to incised decorations on stamp face. Mineral encrustation. Size approx. Size approx. 4,1cm x 3,9cm x 1,0cm.

Provenance: British private collection.

References and further reading:

Margus, Turkmenistan: Ancient oriental kingdom in the old delta of the Murghab river, Wiktor Sarianidi, Publisher Benatzky Druck & Medien, January 1, 2002.

Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia, Massimo Vidale, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.

Thinking Around Grave 3245 in the 'Royal Graveyard' of Gonur (Murghab Delta, Turkmenistan), in: On the Track of Uncovering a Civilisation. A volume in honor of the 80th-anniversary of Victor Sarianidi, Sandro Salvatori, 2010.