Ming Dynasty Glazed Pottery Tomb Attendant with Zodiac Animal

Ming Dynasty, c. 1550–1644, China

This fabulous tomb figure from the Ming Dynasty portrays a tomb attendant holding a monkey, one of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac. The figure is exquisitely crafted, draped in a long, flowing gown adorned with vibrant brownish-orange, green, black, and white hues, achieved through meticulously applied hand-glazing and pigment work. Despite the passage of centuries, the figure retains much of its original color, a testament to the superior craftsmanship of Ming artisans.

The monkey, a symbol within the Chinese zodiac, represents intelligence, agility, and curiosity. In Ming funerary traditions, zodiac animals were integral to the spiritual symbolism of burial practices. They were believed to provide protection, guidance, and cosmic harmony for the deceased, ensuring their safe journey to the afterlife. The twelve animals of the zodiac correspond to the earthly branches and played a significant role in marking the passage of time and invoking celestial blessings.

Mingqi, or spirit objects, like this tomb attendant, were essential components of Chinese burial rituals, reflecting the era's rich cultural heritage. These figures were carefully arranged within the tomb, often oriented to symbolize the flow of time and align with cosmological principles. Their presence served to honor ancestors and demonstrate filial piety, emphasizing the deceased's social status and the family's devotion. This remarkable artifact retains much of its original charm, with minimal paint and slip loss that reveals the underlying red clay—a hallmark of its authenticity and antiquity. The finely modeled details and the vibrant glaze speak to the artistic sophistication of Ming dynasty tomb goods, crafted to honor the elite and provide spiritual security in the afterlife. A captivating piece, this tomb attendant with its zodiac animal companion is not only an extraordinary example of Ming dynasty artistry but also a tangible link to the spiritual and cultural practices of ancient China. An exceptional addition to any collection of Chinese antiquities, it offers a profound glimpse into the rituals and beliefs of one of history's most celebrated dynasties.

Excellent condition. Intact. Mineral encrustation, soil and dust. Size approx. 19,5cm x 7,5cm x 6,6cm.

Provenance: Swedish private collection

References and further reading:

The Matter of Tang Tomb Figures; A New Perspective on a Group of Terracotta Animals and Riders, Lucien Van Valen & Isabelle Garachon, The Rijksmuseum Bulletin, Volume 62. pp. 218-239, 2014.

Dream of Ideal Life in Ancient China: Ceramic Miniatures of Architectures, Household Goods, People and Animals, Aichi.ken Toji Shiryokan, Seto, 2005, no. 14, p. 34.

Antecedents of Sui-Tang Burial Practices in Shaanxi, Mary Fong, Artibus Asiae 51, no:s. 3–4 (1991), pp. 147–98.

Mingqi - Items for the next world, Jan-Erik Nilsson, Gotheborg.com (https://gotheborg.com/glossary/mingqi.shtml)

Immortality of the Spirit: Chinese Funerary Art from the Han and Tang Dynasties Exhibition Catalogue, Jill J. Deupi, Ive Covaci & Leopold Swergold, Immortality of the Spirit - Ephemera. 1, Fairfield University, 2012. (https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/immortality_ephemera/1)

The Vibrant Role of Mingqi in Early Chinese Burials, Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Heather Colburn Clydesdale, Independent Scholar, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, April 2009. (www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/mgqi/hd_mgqi.htm)